We provide expert commentary on issues related to family, domestic and gender-based violence in the Victorian context.
For media enquiries or to arrange an interview call 0450 081 547 or email media@safeandequal.org.au.
2023
Family violence peak body Safe and Equal chief executive Tania Farha said many people escaping family violence had little to no income.
She said violence, economic abuse and rising rental costs meant victims of family violence often had to rely on waitlisted social housing or limited refuge and crisis accommodation.
“Friends, family, colleagues and the wider community can play a crucial role in identifying abuse and supporting the people they know and care about to be safe,” says Tania Farha, CEO of Safe and Equal.
“A supportive workplace can be a lifeline for someone experiencing abuse. For lots of victim survivors, going to work might be the only time they are safely away from their perpetrator,” Tania Farha, CEO of Safe and Equal tells 9Honey.
“People who use violence often make their victims feel afraid to speak out or seek help. Victim survivors can often feel like the violence isn’t real, or it’s somehow their fault,” Farha says.
“Having someone you trust name what you are experiencing as abuse plants a seed and reassures you that what you are going through is real.”
Safe and Equal CEO Tania Farha appeared on Future Women’s Instagram Live to chat about Are You Safe At Home? Day 2023.
Many Australians confronted with stories of family violence wonder ‘Why didn’t she just leave?’, but Tania Farha, CEO of Safe and Equal, says it’s just not that easy.
“Telling someone to ‘just leave’ isn’t helpful. People experiencing abuse make decisions every day to keep themselves safe, which may not always reflect what you think they should do,” she tells 9Honey.
“There are many reasons why a person might be unable or unwilling to leave an abusive relationship.”
Article authored by Safe and Equal’s Kate Mecham and Courtney Wamala for the March edition of Parity Magazine.
Safe and Equal News (originally appeared in Parity Magazine)
Op-ed penned by Safe and Equal’s Louise Simms for the March edition of Parity Magazine.
Safe and Equal News (originally appeared in Parity Magazine)
Victoria’s peak domestic violence support body, Safe and Equal, said demand for family violence services was at an all-time high in the state, and its most vulnerable people would feel the full force of the funding loss.
“People experiencing family violence, their sense of self is already so eroded and this just further reinforces the low value that society places on [these] people, mostly women and children,” Safe and Equal’s executive director of policy, communications and engagement, Louise Simms, told VICE.
“The Australian Government has made some pretty significant commitments to women’s safety, particularly the National Plan to End Violence Against Women and Children — there are some really meaningful commitments in that plan [but] cuts like this are completely counter to those commitments.”
However, some advocates including Women’s Legal Service Victoria, the Victorian Aboriginal Legal Service and Safe and Equal (formerly Domestic Violence Victoria) oppose introducing a criminal offence for coercive control in Victoria.
“While the civil law addressing coercive control can be improved, criminalising coercive control would not solve the problem and would put many of the most vulnerable people at further risk, particularly Aboriginal women,” said Victorian Aboriginal Legal Service chief executive Nerita Waight.
Louise Simms, who is an executive director at Victoria’s peak body for family violence services Safe and Equal, said there was a critical gap in responding to the unique needs of young victim-survivors and has called for greater investment in safe and affordable housing to help meet demand.
“Specialist family violence services are committed to supporting children and young people as victim survivors in their own right, but are already struggling to meet huge demand and aren’t resourced to provide the tailored supports that young people need and deserve,” Ms Simms said.
“Family violence can leave young people with an impossible choice: do they escape the abuse and face being homeless, or do they stay in an abusive home?”
Interview with Tania Farha on ABC Radio.
Interview with Tania Farha – from 15:12.
Tania Farha, chief executive of Safe and Equal, said: “Schemes like a family violence offender register can look like a quick fix to prevent family violence, when what we really need is ongoing systemic reform and long-term social change.
“The Victorian Royal Commission into Family Violence set out a road map for these reforms and, nearly seven years on, the foundations are in place for a whole-of-system response to family violence in our state.”
2022
Tania Farha, CEO of Safe and Equal — the peak body for family violence organisations — braces for danger over the holidays, like every other support worker for women and families facing violence.
“Violence is always a choice. I think it’s really important to say that,” she says.
“But we know things like alcohol can impact the severity and frequency of violence. So that’s one thing that we know about risk, and why risk gets elevated at this time of year.”
For many people, the end of the year is a time of joy, a chance to gather with loved ones and celebrate the holidays.
However, it’s also one of the most high-risk times for people experiencing family violence.
Two-thirds of family violence assaults in Victoria last year occurred between Christmas and new year – the rate of an incident every five minutes.
Tania Farha is Chief Executive Officer of Safe and Equal -a peak body for specialist family violence services that provide support to victim survivors in Victoria.
She spoke to ABC NewsRadio’s Thomas Oriti about the reasons behind these figures.
The chief executive of Safe and Equal, Tania Farha, said the increase was “really alarming” coming into summer – typically the busiest time of year for domestic violence services and police responders.
“It’s the highest number for this period in the past 10 years, and a horrific average,” Farha said.
“Year after year we see abuse ramp up in December. It’s a time of relaxation and happiness for many but such a high-risk time for people experiencing family violence.
“There’s heightened tensions around holidays, people are together more often and people reach crisis point. But it’s always a choice, driven by gender inequality and power imbalance.”
Louise Simms, executive director, policy, communications and engagement at Safe and Equal says Arc came about after much research and consultation with those that had experienced abuse.
“What we learned was that many victim survivors wanted a tool to collate information about their experiences, as a ‘sense check’ or confirmation of what had happened to them, particularly in cases where an abusive person was gaslighting them.
“Arc is more than an evidence collection tool. For some victim survivors it may represent an online diary or reflection tool or help them identify patterns of behaviour.
“It may also help victim survivors explain their situation to a friend or family member, or provide key information to police, in court, or with legal, family violence and community service practitioners, and reduce the number of times they have to repeat that story.”
Doing your own research on domestic violence will strengthen your ability to support your new partner.
Websites like Safe and Equal and 1800 RESPECT have lots of helpful information for loved ones of victim-survivors.
(Originally aired on ABC’s 7:30)
The emotional and financial abuse that often occurs in the lead up to acts of violence against women can be hard to identify. New South Wales and Queensland are moving to make this coercive control a criminal offence but training people to recognise its subtle signs is a challenge. Kathryn Diss reports.
Tania Farha, the chief executive of the Victorian family violence services peak body Safe and Equal, said she was “gravely concerned”.
“The consequences of this is that victim-survivors are being forced to make an impossible choice between being homeless and violence,” she said.
“Because you either leave the abuse of the perpetrator and face homelessness, or you keep a roof over your head in an abusive home.”
Domestic violence advocates have long known about the ways that perpetrators make use of utility bills, either by finding out their victim’s new address, which is often included on household bills, or to orchestrate financial abuse.
This might include putting a service in the victim’s sole name without their knowledge and then failing to pay, refusing to contribute to a jointly held account or holding an account in their own name and threatening to have it cut off when they leave the family home.
But the Australian Energy Market Commission on Thursday published new rules to protect people leaving violent relationships, including a requirement for energy retailers to safeguard their customers’ identities and locations by not giving out confidential information about an affected person without their consent.
Organisations will join forces to identify what works to prevent family violence, thanks to a new guide supported by the Andrews Labor Government
Minister for Prevention of Family Violence Ros Spence welcomed the launch of Rainbow Health Australia’s Pride in Prevention Partnership Guide.
Developed in partnership with Safe and Equal, the guide increases the ability of LGBTIQ+ and family violence prevention organisations to work together to deliver prevention programs addressing family violence experienced by LGBTIQ+ people.
Safe and Equal Acting chief executive officer Louise Simms threw her support behind the housing guarantee.
“A lack of safe and affordable housing is putting enormous pressure on victim-survivors,” she said.
“A housing guarantee which includes a major investment in social housing is key to addressing this crucial issue.”
Children are commonly rendered invisible and limited data exist to track their journey through family violence services and support systems in Victoria. By taking a children’s rights-based approach, Swinburne researchers and partners have been funded by Family Safety Victoria to highlight the need to understand children and pre-adolescents as having distinct rights, experiences, views and needs, which do not always align with those of their parents and caregivers.
Dr Georgina Dimopoulos, Dr Rachael Burgin and Dr Mitchell Adams will collaborate with Victoria’s peak body for specialist family violence services, Safe and Equal, and Victoria’s peak body for child and family services, Centre for Excellence in Child and Family Welfare. The study is titled ‘Children’s voices for change: A rights-based approach to understanding and implementing effective supports for children and pre-adolescents as victim-survivors of family violence’.
Maria Dimopoulos is the Board Chair of Safe and Equal, a peak body for domestic violence specialist services in Victoria.
“Rather than seek our culture or faith as a deficit, how do we use those frameworks to build strong and meaningful engagement in our communities?”
Safe and Equal, formerly Domestic Violence Victoria, has not advocated for more or tougher laws in Victoria because the state has detailed and broad definitions of the necessary crimes already covered in its criminal codes. It is among those who fear sweeping new laws might cause vulnerable women being wrongly identified as perpetrators rather than victims.
Some advocates say there’s a lack of compelling international evidence that criminalising coercive control has protected victims.
The Victorian Aboriginal Legal Service recognises the harm of coercive control, but argues a new offence would be unlikely to protect women at risk of violence, and might even become a source of harm to the Indigenous community. It recommends better education and training to ensure victim/survivors are protected.
Safe and Equal believes Victorian law is adequate to cover coercive control, so long as those laws are implemented effectively, including by training police to recognise the impact of patterns of behaviour.
“No woman should be forced to make the choice between putting herself and her children at risk of homelessness or continuing to experience family violence.”
Kate Mecham, Policy Manager at Safe and Equal, authored an op ed for the July 2022 edition of Parity Magazine on family violence, homelessness, and pregnancy.
Tania Farha, CEO of Safe and Equal, Victoria’s peak body for family violence, agreed.
“Not only does the question diminish her achievements, it sends a broader message that women’s accomplishments in sport are not as important as the personal life of a male athlete,” she said.
Most problematic, argued Farha, was the fact the question reinforced a common myth about violence against women.
“The tendency for the media and public commentary to want to validate a man’s character sends the message that [alleged] violence can be excused if you’re a good bloke,” Farha said.
“This happens in lots of ways, including seeking out women to provide that validation.
“Often, in the media, you read that violence is out of character, or that [the perpetrator] was under pressure or just snapped, and I think all of this reinforces the message that men are not responsible for their actions, and that the women surrounding them must preserve and protect their reputation.”
Louise Simms, an executive director of Victorian peak body Safe and Equal, wants to see the plan articulate the roles and responsibilities of each level of government, leading to concrete actions and targets.
“We didn’t see this in the consultation draft released earlier this year, and we’d prefer the new government takes some time to get it right rather than rushing to get something out to meet a deadline,” she said.
The head of the sector’s Victorian peak body Safe and Equal, Tania Farha, said financial support was integral to helping women leave abusive situations but any scheme had to be flexible and accessible.
“We’ve been hearing from our own members, and also from colleagues in other states and territories, that there are some real challenges with how these payments are being rolled out,” she said.
Foster and Farha said it shouldn’t be an either-or proposition, and both emergency payments and paid leave had a place.
“There’s no single solution here to this,” Farha said.
“It’s a really complicated and complex issue. And the solution has to be commensurately comprehensive and holistic.”
Safe and Equal CEO speaks to ABC Mornings host Virginia Trioli on the Are You Safe At Home? campaign.
The peak body for specialist family violence services in Victoria, Safe and Equal, is encouraging people to ask the question: are you safe at home?
Chief executive Tania Farha said family violence was everyone’s business and asking the question could be life-changing.
“So many victim-survivors have told us how meaningful it was to have someone in their life ask them, ‘are you safe at home?’,” she said.
She said people who used violence were experts at isolating, controlling and eroding self-esteem to make their victims feel afraid to speak out or seek help.
“Having someone in your life name what you’re experiencing as violence, believe you and offer non-judgemental support, that can make all the difference,” Ms Farha said.
As the CEO of Safe and Equal Tania Farha noted – friends, family members, colleagues and the community play a crucial role in identifying abuse and supporting loved ones to safety. And throughout history, there still seems to be a stigma attached to the idea of asking for help. But Tania hopes people know help is always available.
“The important role that loved ones play has been especially key during the pandemic. In 2020, during the first rounds of restrictions and lockdowns, family violence services reported a dramatic rise in the number of ‘third parties’ – friends and family – reaching out about someone they were worried may be in danger,” she said to Mamamia.
Tania also recommended looking at the Are You Safe At Home? website. It’s designed to break down the fear associated with talking about family violence by providing clear information on how to start a conversation if you’re concerned someone you care about is experiencing abuse.
Article featuring survivor advocate Geraldine Bilston, for Are You Safe At Home? Day 2022.
Op-ed by survivor advocate Geraldine Bilston to commemorate Are You Safe At Home? Day 2022.
Louise Simms, executive director at Safe and Equal Victoria, said the debate is exacerbating transphobic behaviour.
“People are becoming bolder in their expressions of these attitudes and I think having it play out publicly is giving people in communities some more confidence to express these attitudes,” she told SBS News.
Louise Simms, executive director at Safe and Equal Victoria, said the threat of violence was front of mind.
“Violence is driven by rigid stereotypes and norms, [and] discrimination and divisive attitudes like this, so this is a real concern for us.” she told SBS News.
She also says the debate is exacerbating transphobic behaviour.
“People are becoming bolder in their expressions of these attitudes and I think having it play out publicly is giving people in communities some more confidence to express these attitudes,” she said.
This year’s federal budget allocated $1.3 billion in women’s safety, up from $238 million in 2020.
That funding will then be quartered by four pillars; prevention, early intervention, response and recovery.
The $771 million left for women and children to escape family violence will be stretched across 2.2 million victims nationally, according to an ABS survey.
Miss Farha says it’s not enough with violence against women costing Australia $21.7 billion per year when considering the number of services and people that it impacts.
She said state and federal governments needed to invest in the specialist family workforce with a focus on getting more specialist practitioners out to rural and regional areas.
Miss Farha also said the budget lacked any clear strategy to achieve real systemic change and worried it might not reach the women and children who need it.
The Herald Sun (subscriber content)
Maria Dimopoulos AM has been appointed the new Board Chair of Safe and Equal and will commence her role in February 2022. Maria is taking over from Stacey Ong, who has led Safe and Equal’s Board as Interim Chair since September 2021.
Maria said she looks forward to supporting the great work of Safe and Equal, “in particular the partnerships with First Nations communities and organisations.”
“I am committed to governing Safe and Equal with an intersectional feminist lens as a way to expose uneven power relations and structural oppressions, in order to support gender equality and social justice,” Maria said in a press release.
Maria has made significant contributions to policy development, research and community education, including as a member of the federal Access and Equity Inquiry Panel, and as the inaugural Chairperson of the Harmony Alliance – Australia’s national coalition of migrant and refugee women.
Maria was also part of the National Council to Reduce Violence Against Women and their Children, which oversaw the development of the First National Plan to End Violence against Women and their Children.
The CEO of Safe and Equal, Tania Farha, has welcomed Maria’s appointment.
“Maria is a lauded human rights advocate and champion of diversity and gender equality,” Tania said.
“Her extensive experience and expertise, particularly around the rights and meaningful inclusion of women from migrant and refugee backgrounds in policy and system reform, aligns strongly with our strategic goals and purpose.”
Organisations including Djirra, Berry Street’s Y-Change Lived Experience Consultants, Switchboard, inTouch, Women with Disabilities Victoria, Seniors Rights Victoria, and Flatout worked with Safe and Equal on the project.
“Family violence is an intersectional social problem with far-reaching impacts that reinforce structural disadvantage and marginalisation across many different communities,” a Safe and Equal spokesperson explained.
“While family violence can impact anyone, there are social, structural and systemic barriers caused by historic and ongoing discrimination that has seen certain groups excluded from or unable to access services, government programs, and equitable justice responses.”
2021
This section includes media coverage of Domestic Violence Victoria (DV Vic) and Domestic Violence Resource Centre Victoria (DVRCV) prior to the merge to form Safe and Equal.
Safe and Equal chief executive officer Tania Farha said family violence services were swamped during the holiday season, and the increase in family violence incidents was “staggering”.
“Specialist family violence services are overwhelmed with calls for help during what should be a happy time of year,” Ms Farha said.
“As well as the Christmas lunch and unwrapping gifts, we’re encouraging everyone to focus on what matters most — each other.
“We can all play our part in looking out for friends, family and neighbours this year by asking the simple question ‘are you safe at home?’ It might just be the greatest gift of all.”
Safe and equal chief executive officer Tania Farha said family violence services were swamped during the holiday season, and the increase in family violence incidents was “staggering”.
“Specialist family violence services are overwhelmed with calls for help during what should be a happy time of year,” Ms Farha said.
“As well as the Christmas lunch and unwrapping gifts, we’re encouraging everyone to focus on what matters most — each other.
“We can all play our part in looking out for friends, family and neighbours this year by asking the simple question ‘are you safe at home?’ It might just be the greatest gift of all.”
Safe and Equal chief executive officer, Tania Farha, said family violence services were typically swamped at this time of year due to increased demand for support.
“The increase in family violence incidences during the Christmas and New Year period is staggering. Specialist family violence services are overwhelmed with calls for help during, what should be, a happy time of year,” Ms Farha said.
“As well as the Christmas lunch and unwrapping gifts, we’re encouraging everyone to focus on what matters most: each other.
“We can all play our part in looking out for friends, family and neighbours this year by asking the simple question ‘Are you safe at home?’ It might just be the greatest gift of all.”
Safe and Equal chief executive Tania Farha welcomed the launch.
“How the policy and investigation units are implemented is critically important, and we look forward to seeing the additional safeguards Victoria Police will employ to ensure that victim survivor safety and perpetrator accountability underpin implementation and administration,” she said.
“There has to be a high level of transparency to build trust in this policy and the investigation units. This includes making data publicly available about the prevalence of police-perpetrated family violence and, where possible, trend analysis of investigation outcomes.”
The new peak body for domestic violence in Victoria has officially launched, promising to deliver stronger and better resourced services supporting victim survivors of domestic abuse in Victoria.
The official launch of Safe and Equal comes after the boards and members of DV Vic and DVRCV voted to merge in March 2020. Backed by over 30 years of combined experience in advocacy and innovation for change in the family violence sector, the peak body’s focus will be on increasing and strengthening its capacity to support specialist services through an ever-changing landscape.
Safe and Equal CEO, Tania Farha, said that it was a partnership that made sense.
“The roles of DV Vic and DVRCV have always been highly complementary, with closely aligned visions, purpose and values, and frequent collaboration in advocacy and campaigning,” Farha said.
“This merger provides the specialist family violence sector with a peak organisation that has more reach than ever before, across the continuum of prevention to recovery.”
The name was selected following extensive consultation and feedback from victim survivors, and represents the organisation’s vision; a world beyond family and gender-based violence, where women, children and all people from marginalised communities are safe, thriving and respected.
Domestic Violence Victoria and Domestic Violence Resource Centre chief executive Tania Farha said initiatives that put more attention on how non-fatal strangulation is connected to family violence risk and serious harm would be welcomed.
“To end family violence we need robust, collaborative responses from across the community and services. This can’t be limited to just the justice system,” Ms Farha said.
“Strangulation has grave consequences and is a serious risk factor when it comes to family violence, which needs more emphasis in policy, practice and training for service providers and police.”
Domestic Violence Resource Centre Victoria executive director Louise Simms said there were further barriers for people experiencing family violence in regional areas.
“So there are fewer services to access and there are all kinds of particular experiences and barriers that might not apply to people living in cities which can be exacerbated during the pandemic,” she said.
“These statistics refer to reports to police and we know that any increase in reports to police is likely to be amplified when it comes to the actual experience of family violence and the increase in service demand.
“So what we know from specialist family violence services in Victoria is that demand has increased absolutely exponentially and services are extremely stretched.”
Domestic Violence Victoria and the Domestic Violence Resource Centre Victoria executive director Louise Simms said the rise in family violence incidents wasn’t surprising.
“We’ve been seeing this increase both in the data and anecdotally our services have been telling us for a while they’ve been seeing an increase (in family violence), in particular over the last couple of years during Covid,” she said.
Domestic Violence Victoria and the Domestic Violence Resource Centre Victoria executive director Louise Simms said family violence was worse in regional areas.
“People experiencing family violence in rural and regional areas, there are further barriers to accessing services anyway, so there are fewer services to access and there are all kinds of particular experiences and barriers that might not apply to people living in cities which can be exacerbated during the pandemic,” she said.
“These statistics refer to reports to police and we know that any increase in reports to police is likely to be amplified when it comes to the actual experience of family violence and the increase in service demand.
“So what we know from specialist family violence services in Victoria is that demand has increased absolutely exponentially and services are extremely stretched.”
“Primary prevention is a universal approach — it’s about changing the attitudes, beliefs and behaviours that sit behind violence,” said Tania Farha, chief executive of Domestic Violence Victoria and the Domestic Violence Resource Centre, which doesn’t support the introduction of a coercive control offence at this stage.
“Irrespective of what happens in the criminalisation space, this is a real opportunity for us to work in primary prevention to stop this behaviour from emerging in the first place,” Ms Farha said. “It’s where we can have a really long lasting impact.”
Domestic Violence Victoria told the inquiry that “opportunities for perpetrators to isolate, monitor and control victim-survivors have exponentially increased’’ as a result of lockdowns. “At the same time, many protective factors, such as contact with family and friends and the ability to leave the home and family violence to go to work, school or access child care, have all but vanished,’’ it stated. “The closure of businesses and loss of jobs over an extended period of time, has meant that these risk factors for family violence during this disaster are likely to be more acute.’’
Tania Farha, chief executive of Domestic Violence Victoria and the Domestic Violence Resource Centre Victoria, says the royal commission reforms should be implemented before additional changes are considered.
“I think everyone would agree that we need a whole-of-system approach to improve responses to coercive control,” Ms Farha says.
“Here in Victoria, a new law isn’t the starting point for this.
“Coercive control is enshrined in Victoria’s legal definition of family violence, and before introducing new laws, it is important to analyse and understand how existing laws are applied.”
Domestic Violence Victoria chief executive Tania Farha said abused people faced more barriers to access support during lockdown.
“For example, finding a time and space where they were alone and could contact a service without their abuser knowing,” she said.
“Something we saw increase during the lockdowns was more people like friends and family reaching out to services about people they were concerned about.”
She said specialist family violence services adapted quickly to the pandemic, with many operating remotely, including crisis responses, emergency accommodation, case management, counselling and other services.
“It’s important that people know services are still operating during lockdowns and it’s lawful to leave home if you’re at risk of violence, at every level of restrictions,” she said.
Male entitlement, stereotyping and gender inequality can be drivers of intimate partner violence, according to Domestic Violence Victoria.
Tania Farha, CEO of the newly merged peak family violence body DVRCV, says it was Batty’s bravery in speaking out, “joining the calls of many strong advocates before her and inspiring the many survivors who are speaking out now”, that created a catalyst for the royal commission.
“Her experience of family violence, and her efforts to protect her son, Luke, and herself is a story shared by many victim survivors,” says Farha. “Rosie has a way of telling her story and speaking about family violence in plain language that struck a chord with everyday Australians.”
”Rosie transformed her grief into an incredible force for change, and she has continued to give so much through her advocacy.”
Tania Farha, head of Domestic Violence Victoria, said the huge increase in reports to police (a record 92,521 reports last year) reflected a level of community confidence in police, but consistency was an issue.
“[Police] have made a series of efforts to try and build that consistency across the system, but there’s so many call-outs it’s got to be a general response in the first instance and getting 15,000 members to have a consistent response is not easy,” Ms Farha said.
The CEO of peak body Domestic Violence Victoria Tania Farha told News Corp Australia economic abuse was one of the least recognised and understood forms of family violence, so it was difficult to accurately determine its prevalence.
“Research suggests it occurs in 50-90 per cent of family violence cases,’’ Ms Farha said.
“Economic abuse can be a barrier to leaving a violent partner or recovering from family violence.
“In most cases, victim survivors never fully recover financially from family violence.’’
Ms Farha said tactics of economic abuse included preventing a partner or family member from earning or having access to money, refusing to contribute to shared expenses, forcing them to take on debts, prolonged family court proceedings or non-payment of child support.
“Coercive control is a defining feature of all types of family violence. Economic abuse is one way perpetrators gain control over their victims and will often be used together with other tactics of violence and abuse in a pattern of coercive control,’’ she said.
“Fortunately, many banks and services are becoming aware of these tactics and working to provide solutions.’’
Ms Farha called for better resourcing of the systemic response to family violence, to better respond to coercive control and economic abuse including the different tactics of abuse.
“Victim survivors of family violence can experience ongoing abuse after separating from their partner, which can have extreme economic impacts,’’ she said.
“Within the Family Court, for example, prolonging family court proceedings, hiding assets, stalling joint property or debt settlements, and not paying child support are all tactics perpetrators use to continue exerting control over their victim. Research has shown that victims of family violence will often settle for less than what they are entitled to in order to avoid ongoing control and abuse.‘’
Domestic Violence Victoria chief executive Tania Farha said her message to the community was brief but vital. “People experiencing family violence can still leave home even during a lockdown,” she told AAP. “It’s absolutely lawful during restrictions.”
Domestic Violence Victoria chief executive Tania Farha said her message to the community was brief but vital. “People experiencing family violence can still leave home even during a lockdown,” she told AAP. “It’s absolutely lawful during restrictions.”
2020
Domestic Violence Victoria chief executive Tania Farha said specialist family violence services had seen an increase in the frequency, severity and complexity of family violence incidents during the pandemic.
“For some victim-survivors, the violence has intensified and become more prolonged during the pandemic,” she said. “Others are reporting family violence for the first time. Specialist family violence services also report that they are getting an increased number of calls from third parties, such as friends and family, who are concerned about their loved ones.”
She said that people are finding ways to use the pandemic to justify abusive and controlling behaviours, and new forms of violence emerged. “Isolating someone from family and friends is a very common tactic in family violence. Pandemic restrictions are providing perpetrators with more opportunities to force victim-survivors to isolate from their family, friends and other community support networks, as well as support they might otherwise find in their workplaces.”
Domestic Violence Victoria CEO Tania Farha said the possible impacts of criminalising coercive control, as with all policy reform, needed to be carefully weighed up. “We call on the Attorney-General and the Victorian government to listen to all voices to ensure the full range of possible impacts are fully considered including any unintended consequences.”
Tania Farha, the chief executive of Domestic Violence Victoria and the Domestic Violence Resource Centre Victoria, said some victims had suffered more intense and prolonged abuse during 2020. “Others are reporting family violence for the first time,” she said. “Specialist family violence services also report that they are getting an increased number of calls from third parties, such as friends and family, who are concerned about their loved ones.”
Domestic Violence Victoria chief executive Tania Farha said the pandemic exacerbated problems that existed prior to COVID-19.
The organisation is pleading with the Andrews government for increased funding to hire more case workers and give the workforce a pay rise, money to upgrade technology and equipment, ongoing funding to implement all the recommendations of the Royal Commission into Family Violence and funds to build more social housing.
“We know that, across the board, emergencies like natural disasters increase the frequency and severity of family violence,” Ms Farha said. “COVID-19 is no exception and the specialist family violence sector needs to be resourced to respond to demand during the COVID-19 recovery and any future outbreaks or other disasters.”
Domestic Violence Victoria chief Tania Farha says that while the number of survivors seeking help had spiked since the lockdown restrictions were introduced, services were available for those who need assistance.
“During the COVID-19 pandemic, specialist family violence services have seen an increase in first-time reports, the violence has been more severe,” she says.
“People who choose to use violence are finding ways to use the pandemic to justify abusive and controlling behaviours. Isolating someone from family and friends is a very common tactic in family violence.
“The most important thing for people to know is that services are still operating, supports are available and it is lawful to leave home to escape violence – during all stages of restrictions.”
Domestic Violence Victoria CEO Tania Farha said coercive control was a “grave and complex issue” and new laws would need to be carefully considered.
“It’s very common for perpetrators to use coercive control, or an ongoing pattern of controlling behaviour, along with forms of physical violence,” she said.
“They often ‘start small’ and slowly tighten their control, while continually working to undermine their victim’s confidence or sense of safety, and cut them off from potential sources of support or information.”
…Ms Farha said: “It’s particularly important to consider how any new laws might affect people who experience multiple forms of discrimination, and to ensure we don’t lose sight of victim survivors who choose not to engage with the justice system.”
Domestic Violence Victoria, the state’s peak body for family violence services, was working with the state government to provide and expand specialist counselling and support for family violence workers, chief executive Tania Farha said. “Specialist family violence services for experiencing family violence can be the difference between life and death. Adequate support for the workers providing these services must be prioritised,” Ms Farha said.
Tania Farha, CEO of Domestic Violence Victoria told The Sunday Age she welcomed Ms Callaway’s appointment: “In particular, we welcome the promotion of a woman with such relevant experience to such an important senior role within Victoria Police.”
Domestic Violence Victoria has said perpetrators are using the pandemic to prevent their partners and children from leaving home, while withholding basic items such as food, medicine and hand sanitiser to control their victims during the pandemic.
Domestic Violence Victoria warned perpetrators were stopping family members from leaving the home, hiding essential items such as food and medical documents and even threatening to expose children to the coronavirus.
Factors including financial stress, unemployment, feeling trapped or uncertain about the future have been identified as contributors to the increase or onset of violence in homes.
Tania Farha, the CEO of Domestic Violence Victoria, tells Mamamia: “The pandemic restrictions are providing perpetrators with more opportunities for victim-survivors to isolate from their family, friends, other community support networks, as well as support they might otherwise find in their workplaces.” During this pandemic there has also been an increase in first-time reporters of family violence, Farha says. She adds that with the economic fallout of coronavirus, perpetrators are “tightening controls over finances and we’re seeing increases in financial abuse”.
“Victim-survivors are facing increased barriers to access support, for example finding time and space when they’re alone,” the CEO of Domestic Violence Victoria explains. “It can be hard to contact services without their abusers knowing.”“Hence it is really important to let people know that services are still open.
Domestic Violence Victoria chief executive Tania Farha said the rise in cases came after Victoria Police had tried to break down the barriers for victims to seek help following the Royal Commission into Family Violence.
“We are anticipating a surge in demand for specialist family violence support when restrictions end and as Victoria begins down the road to recovery from the pandemic,” she said.
She said the surge was expected partly because of the gendered impacts of other elements of the pandemic response, which have seen women disproportionately suffer economic losses.
Domestic Violence Victoria CEO Tania Farha said family violence was historically viewed as a private issue and the criminal justice system was not originally designed to respond adequately.
Ms Farha said progress had been made over the years, mostly through feminist advocacy and from the Royal Commission into Family Violence, but many myths and victim-blaming attitudes remained, which led to family violence crime being viewed as less serious than offences against strangers.
“Family violence is a complex issue, for which there is yet to be a perfect criminal justice response. Differences in sentencing expose the limitations of the criminal justice system in being able to deliver just outcomes in family violence matters,” she said.
“Economic abuse is really pervasive where family violence is present,” said Alison Macdonald, the CEO Of Domestic Violence Victoria.
“It’s one tactic to manifest power and control over someone else.”…
“The pandemic is being used to justify their controlling behaviours — things like limiting access to money, controlling someone’s ability to acquire and use money, or making threats about the family’s economic security,” Ms Macdonald explained…
Unfortunately, some abusers are also using programs like the Early Release of Super Scheme to control their partner’s finances.
“We are really concerned about what it means as we know it will undermine their financial security later in life,” Ms Macdonald said.
Domestic Violence Victoria’s Alison Macdonald said the signs were positive for the new White Ribbon and its intention to collaborate and be accountable to the sector was critical.
“They’re a new organisation effectively rebuilding from the ground-up. They’ve inherited an incredibly huge audience,” she said.
“So they can really do some good work by leveraging on that reach.”
She said every time White Ribbon began a campaign, it would drive more people to seek help.
“It’s chronically under-resourced frontline agencies that always have to provide the safety net for people at risk who … seek changes in their life,” she said.
“It’s a really good thing, but it can’t be done in isolation.”
Domestic Violence Victoria acting policy unit manager Alison Birchall said perpetrators are using the pandemic to prevent victims from leaving home.
In the worst cases offenders are threatening to expose children to COVID-19 to control their partners.
“An extension of that is perpetrators controlling medication and health documents and financial support like Medicare or bank cards so victims don’t have options for escaping,” Ms Birchall said…. Ms Birchall said it was harder for victims to seek help or escape with more perpetrators in the home….Ms Birchall said one positive development to emerge from the crisis was an increase in calls by friends, family and neighbours to family violence support services.
Domestic Violence Victoria chief executive Alison McDonald said that, while the state’s sector was better funded than that in NSW thanks to reforms that emerged from the royal commission into violence against women, service providers were worried about the impact of Melbourne’s latest stage-three lockdown.
“Family violence thrives in isolation and at the moment everybody’s isolated,” she said.
“Men who use violence are weaponising the pandemic to further perpetuate power and control … It gives them an excuse to enforce that control.”
Being trapped at home with a violent or controlling family member made it tricky for people experiencing domestic violence to reach out over the phone, she said. The Victorian sector expected another spike when Melbourne came out of lockdown again.
Ms McDonald said the delaying of Victoria’s state’s budget until later this year had left the sector uncertain about whether it would have “sustainable, long term funding”.
“Normally, by midyear, we’d know what programs will continue to be funded,” she said.
Domestic Violence Victoria acting chief executive Alison Macdonald said the programs are valuable, but cannot be the only approach to hold perpetrators to account.
“We need a range of interventions and means for a system to work together to keep men’s behaviour in view and hold them accountable,” she said.
“There will be women, kids and vulnerable people living with family violence in the locked down public housing estates. They must be allowed to seek support and leave if their safety is at risk.”
Domestic Violence Victoria acting chief executive Alison Macdonald said victims of police family violence faced “additional barriers to reporting and accessing safety”.
They are calling for alternative reporting avenues and additional safeguards to be put in place to ensure the safety of spouses of police officers is prioritised and investigations are trauma-informed.
“The way the system currently operates, it relies on victim-survivors reaching out to the perpetrator’s employer and potentially his colleagues for help and then trust that she will be treated fairly,” Ms Macdonald said.
“This can be an unreasonable expectation to place on victim-survivors when there’s a lack of transparency and accountability in the process.”
“We were a bit surprised by the new inquiry because there have been many and we haven’t necessarily seen the recommended changes in various different areas being implemented,” said Alison McDonald, chief executive of Domestic Violence Victoria, the peak body for specialist family violence services supporting victim-survivors. “Having said that, the terms of reference look comprehensive and sound so, to that end, I hope it will be a comprehensive inquiry that looks into some of the structural problems that remain particularly at the Commonwealth level.”
Ms McDonald said such issues included Australia’s lack of affordable housing — “One of the greatest barriers to victims seeking freedom from violence” — and the particular vulnerability of victims on temporary visas, many of whom are unable to access crucial support services like housing, Centrelink and Medicare.
“That’s something that really needs to be reformed through the immigration system,” she said.
“One other area we’d be keen for the inquiry to look at, particularly in light of the Royal Commission into Violence, Abuse, Neglect and Exploitation of People with Disability, is there is a lot overlap there with disability services and family and sexual violence … it’s really important we look at family violence within our disability systems as well.”
Alison Macdonald, acting chief executive of Domestic Violence Victoria, said there was clear evidence a surge in demand was coming.
“We know from international evidence that there are spikes in family violence in post emergency and post crisis situations,” she said.
“We know that from Australian experience with bushfires, with floods and with cyclones.
“Of course, we haven’t seen a crisis of this nature before, but if we apply what we know from other emergency situations, I think we are anticipating to see a surge in demand once social restrictions are lifted.”
Ms Macdonald told the ABC the coronavirus pandemic had already changed how domestic violence support was being offered, and that would have to continue even as restrictions were eased.
“Services have been quite extraordinary in moving their work to remote, online, and telephone-based platforms in response to the pandemic, and so that we can ensure there’s service continuity during this period,” she said.
“Think of the COVID-19 restrictions as an opportunity to re-engage with your friends who might be unsafe, using your own social isolation as an explanation for why you’re calling more often than usual,” suggests Alison Macdonald, acting CEO of Domestic Violence Victoria. You can help with her safety plan by offering to keep copies of her important documents or storing an “escape bag” for them, Ms Macdonald says.
“You could also agree on a safe word, sign or signal that the person experiencing family violence can use to alert you that they need you to get help; for example, a turned-on porch light, drawn shade, or an ‘I can’t come over on Thursday after all’ phone call,” she suggests.
Domestic Violence Victoria spokeswoman Alison Birchall said increased time spent at home could exasperate volatile family situations and prove dangerous to victims.
She called on the state and federal government’s to provide more money so services could cope with the predicted increase in demand.
“Our concern is that family violence will increase in terms of frequency and severity during the coronavirus pandemic,” Ms Birchall said.
“While we’ve never experienced anything like this before and there’s no specific data out there regarding family violence and public health emergencies…what we do realise is patterns do change.”
Domestic Violence Victoria acting chief executive Alison Macdonald agreed women are at risk of surveillance, and that isolation is a risk factor in family violence.
“[Isolation] is a tactic that perpetrators use to enable them to control and surveil their family members and we’re particularly worried about what that will mean for people in abusive relationships who might become more isolated from friends and family,” Macdonald told BuzzFeed News.
She said the evidence, both in Australia and internationally, shows an increase in the “onset, frequency and severity” of family violence in the wake of disasters and emergencies.
“We know it from the bushfires and floods here, we know it from the Christchurch earthquake and we know it from the hurricanes in the United States,”she said.
As well, the recent horrific, high profile murder of Hannah Clarke and her children had driven a clear increase in demand for services. It generated the highest number of calls and website queries to family violence hotline 1800RESPECT recorded in any one day.
Macdonald said emergency situations “show up where the really big pressure points” are in the system, and that the sector was preparing as best it could for the coming months. But it is a highly gendered workforce and there are “a lot of women affected by having kids at home” as schools close across the state.
“There will probably be a move to online and phone-based support but we want to send a strong message to the community that these services are still here,” she said.
Figures released last week show one family violence victim is killed or is the target of an attempted murder every fortnight in Victoria. One frontline worker told the ABC she had received six reports in one week of men using the new coronavirus to threaten and coerce women by lying about visitors, or themselves, having COVID-19.
Macdonald said there was evidence during disaster periods that people reverted to more “rigid gender norms”.
“So there can be a lot of pressure on men, for example, to provide for their families and for women to just shut up and put up with it,” she said. “Those kinds of very gendered understandings of how we react and we respond to emergency situations can really be exacerbated and heightened and that in itself creates the underlying conditions that enable violence against women to continue.”
Alison Macdonald, CEO of Domestic Violence Violence, admitted there were infrastructure concerns of how the family violence workforce would adapt but stressed the importance victim-survivors knew help was still available and planning was underway to provide pandemic-operational crisis accommodation. “People need to know it’s business as usual – you can still contact support services. There will be a response there for you to safety plan, particularly in this period when we’re probably pre-peak in terms of the pandemic so our systems are still operational and contingency plans are underway,” said Macdonald.
Domestic Violence Victoria’s acting chief executive Alison Macdonald said the focus was ensuring the services were upstanding during the pandemic. “The system is moving very fast to make sure they continue to provide a response through this period,” she said.
Likewise, Domestic Violence Victoria acting chief executive Alison Macdonald said enforced isolation could see a rise in domestic violence cases. This occurred during natural disasters, with the coronavirus another unprecedented event, Ms Macdonald told AAP. Frontline workers needed more support and service providers needed more pointers on hygiene practices or what to do if facing staff shortages, she said. “We absolutely need to put out some advice for accommodation providers,” Ms Macdonald said. Ms Macdonald said she would be looking to have a domestic violence sector briefing with Victorian authorities this week.
Opinion piece by Emma Morgan, project coordinator of The Family Violence Philanthropy Collaboration Project.
A powerful coalition of family violence and homelessness support services warns women and children are at risk because the Andrews Government is failing to deliver enough social housing.
Domestic Violence Victoria, the Salvation Army and the Council to Homeless Persons are among dozens of groups demanding the government boosts housing supply to meet recommendations of the family violence royal commission, which finished four years ago.
Alison Macdonald, spokesperson for Domestic Violence Victoria, added that a lack of social housing was putting vulnerable women at risk.
“We know that becoming homeless is one of the most common reasons women and children are forced to return to violent relationships,” Macdonald said.
2019
Domestic Violence Victoria spokeswoman Alison Birchall said family violence figures were in reality higher and a stigma of victim blaming meant the crime often went unreported.
Victims also found the judicial process of making a statement and attending court daunting, while others risked putting themselves in more danger by trying to leave, she said.
“There’s a lot of pressure still on victims of domestic violence to put up with the violence, to not split up the family and to maintain the status quo,” Ms Birchall said.
Violence affected people from all backgrounds regardless of their level of education or socio-economic status, she said, and support services typically saw a rise in demand over the summer holiday period.
“Everyone has the right to live a life free of family violence,” she said.
“Often it’s not just Christmas itself, often it’s the period after Christmas where the woman has resolved to hold things together until Christmas so the kids can have some sort of Christmas, and then it’s just after Christmas they decide to seek help.”
Housing is considered one of the most critical issues facing those fleeing from family violence, Domestic Violence Victoria acting chief executive Alison Macdonald said, because a victim may stay in an unsafe situation without a place to go. “When they’re considering their options, the question of having a secure house for them and their children may be their very first consideration,” she said. “[Stable housing] creates an environment for going to work and creating economic independence [and] to create a safe situation for children.”
Domestic Violence Victoria acting chief executive Alison Macdonald said Saturday’s shocking attack was a reminder of the toll of family violence.
“This case obviously had some particularly horrific implications for the child involved,” she said.
“While there is absolutely no place for complacency, it is a reminder of the scale of the work to turn this around.
“We remain hopeful that we will see a decrease in both the prevalence family violence in our communities and the number of women who are murdered.
“We don’t want people to think that because we had a royal commission and a lot of government investment that the work is done and dusted.
“It is not the time to take the foot off the pedal … as cases like this remind us, we still have a long way to go.”
Alison Macdonald, acting Chief Executive Officer of Domestic Violence Victoria, agrees this kind of surveillance is now ubiquitous – which makes it doubly hard for workers in the sector.
“Every couple of weeks we are hearing about new forms of spyware and GPS tracking – and other ways in which privacy can be breached. It’s nearly impossible to stay abreast of the new technology.”
Acting CEO of Domestic Violence Victoria, Alison Macdonald, said comments like Cummings’ could lead to more serious issues when they went unchecked.
“Flippant comments degrading women are often dismissed as trivial, harmless and even funny, however the evidence tells us that these attitudes contribute towards the social conditions that allow family violence and violence against women to continue unabated,” she said.
Domestic Violence Victoria policy manager Alison Macdonald said coronial investigations enable the community and the authorities working for it to learn from such cases. “It’s really important that we have coronial investigations into the circumstances surrounding family violence deaths so that we can understand whether there were any systemic gaps or failures that contributed to the death,’ Ms Macdonald said.
Domestic Violence Victoria said the Ristevski sentence exposed “the limitations of the criminal justice system in delivering just outcomes in family violence matters”.
“Today we received the message that taking a woman’s life is worth six years of a man’s life in prison,” a DV Victoria statement said.
“This does not feel like justice for Karen Ristevski and those who loved her.”
“There is opportunity to tell victim’s stories in sensitive and evidence-informed ways,” Alison Macdonald, manager of policy for Domestic Violence Victoria.
“Not every production company is necessarily going to honour that.”
2018
“Ahead of the election, minister Natalie Hutchins wants the Liberals to commit to all 227 royal commission recommendations.”
“Rosie Batty’s story had a painful circularity.
Her audience, a packed room of domestic violence experts and workers, gathered to hear from the politicians responsible for tackling family violence.”
“There are also concerns the royal commission’s recommendations will be shelved if the Coalition is elected at next month’s state poll.
The Labor Government has committed to implementing the commission’s 227 recommendations, but the Coalition hasn’t made an unequivocal commitment to do the same.”
A PM radio segment on the family violence sector’s call for all political parties to unite against family violence including comment from Rosie Batty.
Our CEO Fiona McCormack wrote an op-ed on the need for all parties to unite against family violence in the lead up to the Victorian State Election 2018.
“The royal commission forensically reviewed the family violence system, looked at the international evidence base and handed down 227 recommendations in a carefully considered report. No other jurisdiction in the world has had the benefit of such a review.”
The Bendigo Advertiser’s Editor Nicole Ferrie called for bipartisan support to implementing the Royal Commission into Family Violence recommendations.
“IF we have learnt anything in recent weeks, it is the job is not done for those working to prevent violence against women and children. Far from it.”
“The state’s political parties have been given until next Wednesday to commit, in writing, to funding and implementing all 227 recommendations by the Royal Commission into Family Violence.”
“Family violence victims and peak bodies will rally at state parliament on Monday to call for political support ahead of November’s election.”
“Domestic Violence Victoria chief executive Fiona McCormack said family violence services were also preparing for the spike by making sure they had extra staff rostered on for the weekend.
She said alcohol consumed during big sporting events could exacerbate an already volatile situation.”
DV Vic CEO Fiona McCormack joined Manager of Q Respect Queerspace Maryclare Machen on 3CR’s In Ya Face to talk about w/respect – a new integrated LGBTIQ domestic, family, and intimate partner violence service.
Former footballer Shannon Grant was convicted of assaulting his girlfriend on three occasions last year. In an appeal at the County Court, his prison sentence was overturned for a community corrections order. The judge said alcohol gave rise to his behaviour and that he had lost his self-control. DV Vic CEO and Our Watch CEO Patty Kinnersly commented on the importance of understanding the drivers of violence against women and the need to not excuse or minimise this pattern of behaviour.
CEO Fiona McCormack urged caution in relation to a Victoria Police proposal to issue domestic violence intervention orders in the field. This article is one of a series of investigative pieces by the ABC on family violence and the police.
In an article about an expert’s proposal for a family violence watch list, DV Vic CEO Fiona McCormack recommends the need for input from specialist family violence services.
DV Vic CEO Fiona McCormack’s article about financial abuse was published by The Guardian this week. It’s a timely reminder that family violence is complex and is almost never just about physical violence.
There was a wave of media coverage following the Coroner’s findings from Joy Rowley’s inquest. At the same time the murders of three other women, in their homes, became headline news leading to more reporting on family violence and what needs to be done. Below is a list of the coverage including comment from DV Vic or the the Rowley family.
Mum’s murder sparks review into family violence-related deaths, 9 News
Victoria Police pledges family violence deaths review, Herald Sun
Family violence deaths dominate headlines as Victorian coroner calls for changes, ABC News
Women fear ‘Russian roulette’ when reporting family violence, The Age
We are right to be horrified by Victoria’s toll of dead women, The Age
Coroner urges reviews of family violence deaths after murder of Joy Rowley, The Age
In an article about an expert’s proposal for a family violence watch list, DV Vic CEO Fiona McCormack recommends the need for input from specialist family violence services.
In an article about an expert’s proposal for a family violence watch list, DV Vic CEO Fiona McCormack recommends the need for input from specialist family violence services.
An analysis of the impact of My Health Record including the danger it poses for survivors of family violence with comment from our CEO Fiona McCormack.
“Parts of a person’s criminal history will be available to their current or former partners under a Liberal Nationals government.
But the leaders of central Victorian specialist agencies have warned the proposed Family Violence Disclosure Scheme could lull people into a false sense of security.”
CEO of Domestic Violence Victoria Fiona McCormack joins Mornings to discuss why the latest deaths only reflect a sober reality of family violence across the state, and why everyone needs to do more to impact the issue.
“Warnings urging women to take responsibility for their safety have sparked a deluge of criticism on social media following the killing of young Melbourne woman Eurydice Dixon.”
Fiona McCormack, CEO of Domestic Violence Victoria, says it is vital to recognise how gender is a factor in family violence.
“The fact that family violence is primarily perpetrated by men and overwhelmingly experienced by women and children can be a deeply uncomfortable truth, but unless we have the courage as a community to look at why it is that some men choose to perpetrate violence, we’ll never be able to fix this,’’ she said.
A new report has found that women are overwhelmingly the victims in fatal domestic violence cases, with the first three months after they leave their male partner the most dangerous.
Joy Rowley’s murder was a tragedy that should never have happened. DV Vic is relieved that Joy Rowley’s family have finally had the coroner’s inquest they have spent so long fighting for.
Could police have saved Joy from being strangled to death?, The Age
‘We are sorry’: Victoria Police apologises for failing Joy Rowley, The Age
‘Our mother had a second chance at life which was passed by’, The Age
Woman’s strangling murder could have been prevented by police, inquest hears, ABC News
Family of mum strangled to death by roommate fights for answers, 9 News
“Men who kill their families usually have friends and families who loved them but providing quotes from those people without any context explaining the underlying sense of entitlement that makes these men think they have the right to take the lives of women in their family is one-sided and misleading.”
Domestic Violence Victoria policy manager Allison Macdonald says property managers have a key role to play because they are often the first to know that domestic violence is occurring. She says understanding and referring victims is important, but there is more property managers can do for victims without stepping beyond their role.
“In many ways, while community attitudes have come so far, there’s still a lot of work that needs to be done in states across Australia to really deliver on the systems required to keep kids and women safe.”
Acclaimed domestic violence campaigner Rosie Batty is stepping down as CEO of the Luke Batty Foundation, with the foundation set to “close its doors” and distribute funds to other not-for-profit family violence initiatives.